assistance to Ukraine has included the provision of trainers, selected defensive systems (such as counter-mortar radars), and, more recently, Javelin anti-tank missiles. Since 2014, the United States has provided over $2.5 billion in military aid to Ukraine, following the Russian annexation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbass. It does mean that military assistance is not an effective lever for resolving this crisis. That does not mean security cooperation with Kyiv should cease. And there are also voices who call for additional capabilities merely to raise costs for Moscow-that is, to kill more Russian soldiers-so as to create political problems for President Vladimir Putin at home, although without much expectation that Ukraine would prevail. Others claim that aid to the Ukrainian military can have a real impact on a possible fight with the Russians, making it meaningfully more challenging for the Kremlin to achieve victory and ruling out certain military options Russia might be considering. military assistance to Ukraine can change Russia’s calculus now, possibly deterring Moscow from launching an attack. The justification for the aid has varied. Allies, including the United Kingdom, are providing their own assistance, too. Just this week, the Biden administration has approved deliveries of U.S.-made Stinger shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles to Kyiv, in addition to upping provision of other military equipment. With Russian forces massed on Ukraine’s borders, the policy discussion in Washington increasingly has focused on what the United States can do to help its Ukrainian partners defend their country.
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